All JLPT N5 Grammar

In Japanese, "Adj+です" is used to form polite sentences. When an adjective is followed by "です", it adds politeness and finality to the statement. For i-adjectives, it remains in its plain form, e.g., "さむいです" (it's cold). For na-adjectives, "です" is added directly to the adjective, e.g., "しずかです" (it's quiet).

In Japanese grammar, "Q+が+..." is used to indicate the subject of a sentence. "が" is the subject marker, emphasizing or introducing the subject. It often appears in contexts where the subject is newly introduced or when distinguishing the subject from other possible subjects.

The "...+は+Q" structure in Japanese is used to emphasize the topic before は, often followed by a question (Q). は marks the topic of the sentence, indicating what the question is about, and the sentence seeks information or clarification about that topic.

The form "Adj+くないです" is used to negate adjectives in Japanese, specifically i-adjectives. It turns an affirmative sentence into a negative one. For example, "高い" (takai, meaning "expensive") becomes "高くないです" (takakunai desu), meaning "is not expensive."

The form "Adj+くなかったです" is used to express the past negative of i-adjectives in Japanese. It is formed by taking the adjective stem, adding "く" to it, and then appending "なかったです" to indicate that something was not a certain way in the past. For example, 高い (takai) becomes 高くなかったです (takakunakatta desu), meaning "was not expensive."

The "Adj+く+V" structure in Japanese is used to express an action done in a certain manner or state. The adjective is converted to its adverbial form by changing the final "い" of an い-adjective to "く" and is then followed by a verb. This construction describes how an action is performed. For example, "早く走る" (hayaku hashiru) means "to run quickly," where "早い" (hayai) is the adjective "fast" turned into "早く" (hayaku) to modify the verb "走る" (hashiru).